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  • Alteco LPS Adsorber
  • Applications
    • Gram-negative sepsis
    • Cardiac surgery
    • COVID-19
  • Treatment
    • Treatment modes
  • Documentation
    • Reference list
    • IFU
    • Quality
  • Further reading
  • News & events
  • The company
    • About us
    • Board
    • Team
    • Quality
    • Investor relations
    • Career
  • Contact
    • Contact us
    • Partners and distributors
    • New partnerships wanted

Further reading

Elevated levels of endotoxin, oxygen-derived free radicals, and cytokines during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ECMO is associated with an endotoxin-related, generalized inflammatory state. "The pulmonary, renal, and cardiac dysfunctions documented with prolonged bypass can all be related to a classic sepsis syndrome."

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: is COVID-19 different?

“Overall AKI occurs in about 25-25% of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, nearly twice that if admitted to the ICU.”

The Systemic Inflammatory Response to Cardiac Surgery: Implications for the Anesthesiologist 

"Endotoxemia may indirectly activate the inflammatory cascade. Splanchnic hypoperfusion, a common finding during and following CPB may damage the mucosal barrier, allowing gut translocation of endotoxin. Systemic endotoxin concentrations correlate closely with the degree of cardiovascular dysfunction following CPB."
"CPB may specifically activate the inflammatory response via at least three distinct mechanisms.One mechanism involves direct “contact activation” of the immune system following exposure of blood to the foreign surfaces of the CPB circuit. A second mechanism involves ischemia–reperfusion injury to the brain, heart, lungs, kidney, and liver as a result of aortic cross-clamping. Restoration of perfusion on release of the aortic cross-clamp is associated with activation of key indices of the inflammatory response."

Endotoxemia and Mediator Release During Cardiac Surgery

"Endotoxin is a potent trigger of the inflammatory response."
"Cardiac surgery is associated with endotoxemia and a marked acute-phase response. Therefore, endotoxin must be regarded as a pathophysiologic mediator. The role of the gut as a source of endotoxemia following cardiac surgery deserves further attention."

Global Sepsis Alliance – Update: Can COVID-19 Cause Sepsis? Explaining the Relationship Between the Coronavirus Disease and Sepsis

COVID-19 causes sepsis, "a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection."

Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Gram-negative Shock

"There is increasing evidence that gram-negative bacteria via endotoxin induce the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, which are active in the pathogenesis of septic shock, multiorgan failure, and ARDS."

Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans

Study shows that endotoxin (LPS) is directly related to the severity of COVID-19.

WHO calls for global action on sepsis - cause of 1 in 5 deaths worldwide

"Sepsis occurs in response to an infection. When sepsis is not recognized early and managed promptly, it can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death. Patients who are critically ill with severe COVID-19 and other infectious diseases are at higher risk of developing and dying from sepsis."

Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

With an estimated incidence of 48,9 million cases and 11 million deaths, it is now thought that sepsis kills more people than cancer. Sepsis is associated with 1 in 5 deaths globally

Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria releases endotoxins when disrupted. "Endotoxins contribute to the severity of symptoms during infections with gram-negative bacteria."

Endotoxins: Lipopolysaccharides of Gram-Negative Bacteria

"LPS [endotoxin] can cause diseases such as septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction and
failure."

Endotoxemia related to cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with increased risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study.

"...endotoxemia is associated with a significantly increased risk of the development of post-operative infection."

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